This guide is based on the American Psychological Association Manual (7th ed.) and is adapted to meet the learning and teaching requirements of Torrens University and Media Design School.
Update (July 2023): The advice in this referencing guide has been simplified for use in teaching materials & student assignments and presentations. The adaptations will be effective from 18th Sept 2023. The adaptations are:
The purpose of referencing is to:
The following sections provide you with information and examples that will help you to cite the sources that you come across for your study:
More specific details on a variety of sources can be found in the APA 7th Edition Referencing Guide
Note: If you are preparing a thesis, or a paper for publication, or your work is going to be made publicly available in any way, you will need to ensure you have the correct permissions to re-use any images, data, tables and figures that you may reproduce in your work. For further information, refer to our Copyright pages.
The purpose of a reference list is to enable readers to locate sources. Therefore, details must be correct and complete. Every in-text reference requires a related reference list entry. Equally, every reference list entry requires at least one related in-text reference. Each in-text reference and related reference list entry should be identical in spelling and year.
A work appears only once in the reference list, regardless of how many times it is cited in the text. Works not cited in the text should not appear in the reference list. When compiling your reference list in accordance with APA 7th edition, you should:
In the text of your paper, source material is cited briefly. Readers can use this citation to look up the material in your reference list, and then use the reference list to locate the actual texts for verification of what has been written or to read more fully an author’s argument.
There are two types of in-text referencing that need to be kept in mind as you write your paper – direct quotation (also known as direct referencing) and paraphrasing (also known as indirect referencing).
Direct quotations and paraphrasing are provided when referring to information from both published and unpublished works. Limit your use of direct quotation as the process of converting other’s concepts and ideas into your own words creates and demonstrates deeper learning. As a general rule, no more than 10% of any paper should consist of direct quotations.
A direct quotation is the exact use of an author’s words from a publication or from a speech, such as a lecture.
A short quotation should be incorporated into a sentence without disrupting the flow of the text and must show quotation marks. It will include the author/s surname, the year of publication and the page number/s, as demonstrated in the following examples.
Source as part of the sentence:
As Godfrey (2018, p. 52) advised, "the appropriate number of quotations to use will vary according to the subject and type of assignment".
OR
Source at the end of the sentence:
"The appropriate number of quotations to use will vary according to the subject and type of assignment." (Godfrey, 2018, p. 52).
A long quotation (40 words or more) is set out as a block quotation, using a separate indented paragraph without quotation marks. Single spacing is used for the block even if (as is usually the practice) the rest of the text uses wider spacing. Make sure all quotations are grammatically linked with the words that precede them.
The reference precedes the quotation (source as part of the sentence) or follows the quotation with the author, year of publication and page number/s in brackets (source at the end of the sentence after the final punctuation mark).
Note: If you use a direct quote, but leave out a section within a sentence or between sentences, use a series of three dots to indicate a section is missed ("..." - called an ellipsis).
Source as part of the sentence:
OR
Source at the end of the sentence:
Existential therapy offers four givens:
I have found that four givens are particularly relevant to psychotherapy: the inevitability of death for each of us and for those we love; the freedom to make our lives as we will; our ultimate aloneness; and, finally, the absence of any obvious meaning or sense to life. However, grim these givens may seem, they contain the seeds of wisdom and redemption (Yalom, 1989, pp. 4-5).
Paraphrasing refers to using an author’s ideas but expressing those ideas in your own words. The author and year of publication must be provided to acknowledge any information you include which has come from another source. APA 7 strongly recommends the provision of page numbers.
Source as part of the sentence:
Well-known strategic therapist Madanes (1990, p. 9) treats all symptoms as voluntary and under the control of the client.
Source at the end of a sentence:
A strategic therapist would treat all symptoms as voluntary and under control of the client (Madanes, 1990, p.9).
If you wish to outline somebody’s argument or describe his or her study but do not wish to quote it word for word, leave no doubt as to what you are doing.
Fruzzetti (2006, pp. 18-24) made the point that…and he suggested that…
Corey (2005, p.184) made a useful distinction between…
Make sure your words make it clear that you are paraphrasing, condensing, or otherwise giving a modified version of someone else’s work. If possible indicate where their work ends and where your own material begins, as the following example demonstrates.
However, it could be argued that Corey (2005) did not consider the following points…
Note that the page number is not necessary in this reference to Corey, as you are now evaluating his overall ideas and, therefore, this cannot be narrowed down to specific page numbers. The distinction here is that this sentence is a reference to the whole resource, rather than a quotation or paraphrase of part of the resource.
Remember when paraphrasing, always acknowledge the source and always make it clear when you are summarising someone else’s text.
References including a range of sources
References may include a range of sources, where you have read similar ideas/theories. Note that in the following example the authors are listed in alphabetical order. Also, note that page numbers are not required, as no quotation or paraphrase is being made.
Several studies in past decades have sought to explain the same point (Harring, 1969;
Jones, 1956; Johnson, 1988; Saunders, 1976).
Note: the semi-colons between references.